{
  "project": "The Arabic Tongue · Tier-A Semitic-sister cognates · Arabic ↔ Hebrew",
  "version": "2026-05-24-hebrew-r3",
  "count": 219,
  "verdict_distribution": {
    "PERFECT": 117,
    "STRONG": 64,
    "PROVISIONAL": 34,
    "PROTO-FAMILY": 4
  },
  "license": "CC-BY 4.0",
  "source_doc": "04-cross-linguistic/tier-a-hebrew-cognates.md",
  "note": "Well-established Semitic cognates. PERFECT=same root no shift; STRONG=one regular consonant shift (ث↔š, ض↔ts, ذ↔z, خ↔ḥ, ظ↔ts, س↔š).",
  "entries": [
    {
      "id": 1,
      "arabic": "عَين",
      "hebrew": "עַיִן ʿayin",
      "gloss": "eye, spring",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 2,
      "arabic": "أُذُن",
      "hebrew": "אֹזֶן ʾozen",
      "gloss": "ear",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 3,
      "arabic": "يَد",
      "hebrew": "יָד yad",
      "gloss": "hand",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 4,
      "arabic": "رِجل",
      "hebrew": "רֶגֶל regel",
      "gloss": "foot, leg",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 5,
      "arabic": "كَتِف",
      "hebrew": "כָּתֵף katef",
      "gloss": "shoulder",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 6,
      "arabic": "عَظم",
      "hebrew": "עֶצֶם ʿetsem",
      "gloss": "bone — ظ↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 7,
      "arabic": "كَبِد",
      "hebrew": "כָּבֵד kaved",
      "gloss": "liver",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 8,
      "arabic": "قَلب",
      "hebrew": "לֵב lev",
      "gloss": "heart — the l-b core",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 9,
      "arabic": "رَأس",
      "hebrew": "רֹאשׁ rosh",
      "gloss": "head",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 10,
      "arabic": "بَطن",
      "hebrew": "בֶּטֶן beten",
      "gloss": "belly, womb",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 11,
      "arabic": "لِسان",
      "hebrew": "לָשׁוֹן lashon",
      "gloss": "tongue, language",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 12,
      "arabic": "سِنّ",
      "hebrew": "שֵׁן shen",
      "gloss": "tooth — ש↔س",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 13,
      "arabic": "شَعر",
      "hebrew": "שֵׂעָר seʿar",
      "gloss": "hair — ש↔ش",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 14,
      "arabic": "أَنف",
      "hebrew": "אַף ʾaf",
      "gloss": "nose (n assimilated)",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 15,
      "arabic": "فَم",
      "hebrew": "פֶּה peh",
      "gloss": "mouth",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 16,
      "arabic": "دَم",
      "hebrew": "דָּם dam",
      "gloss": "blood",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 17,
      "arabic": "إِصبَع",
      "hebrew": "אֶצְבַּע ʾetsbaʿ",
      "gloss": "finger",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 18,
      "arabic": "قَرن",
      "hebrew": "קֶרֶן qeren",
      "gloss": "horn",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 19,
      "arabic": "جِلد",
      "hebrew": "גֶּלֶד geled",
      "gloss": "skin, scab",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 20,
      "arabic": "رُكبة",
      "hebrew": "בֶּרֶךְ berekh",
      "gloss": "knee — metathesis r-k-b↔b-r-k",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 21,
      "arabic": "لَحم",
      "hebrew": "לֶחֶם leḥem",
      "gloss": "flesh / Heb. bread (same b-flesh root)",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 22,
      "arabic": "نَفس",
      "hebrew": "נֶפֶשׁ nefesh",
      "gloss": "soul, self, breath",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 23,
      "arabic": "روح",
      "hebrew": "רוּחַ ruaḥ",
      "gloss": "spirit, wind, breath",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 24,
      "arabic": "أَب",
      "hebrew": "אָב ʾav",
      "gloss": "father",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 25,
      "arabic": "أُمّ",
      "hebrew": "אֵם ʾem",
      "gloss": "mother",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 26,
      "arabic": "ابن",
      "hebrew": "בֵּן ben",
      "gloss": "son",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 27,
      "arabic": "بِنت",
      "hebrew": "בַּת bat",
      "gloss": "daughter",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 28,
      "arabic": "أَخ",
      "hebrew": "אָח ʾaḥ",
      "gloss": "brother",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 29,
      "arabic": "أُخت",
      "hebrew": "אָחוֹת ʾaḥot",
      "gloss": "sister",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 30,
      "arabic": "حَمّ",
      "hebrew": "חָם ḥam",
      "gloss": "father-in-law",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 31,
      "arabic": "عَمّ",
      "hebrew": "עַם ʿam",
      "gloss": "kinsfolk, people",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 32,
      "arabic": "يَتيم",
      "hebrew": "יָתוֹם yatom",
      "gloss": "orphan",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 33,
      "arabic": "أَرمَلة",
      "hebrew": "אַלְמָנָה ʾalmanah",
      "gloss": "widow",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 34,
      "arabic": "أَنا",
      "hebrew": "אֲנִי ʾani",
      "gloss": "I",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 35,
      "arabic": "أَنتَ",
      "hebrew": "אַתָּה ʾatah",
      "gloss": "you (m.)",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 36,
      "arabic": "نَحنُ",
      "hebrew": "אֲנַחְנוּ ʾanaḥnu",
      "gloss": "we",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 37,
      "arabic": "هُو",
      "hebrew": "הוּא huʾ",
      "gloss": "he",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 38,
      "arabic": "هي",
      "hebrew": "הִיא hiʾ",
      "gloss": "she",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 39,
      "arabic": "مَن",
      "hebrew": "מִי mi",
      "gloss": "who",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 40,
      "arabic": "ما",
      "hebrew": "מָה mah",
      "gloss": "what",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 41,
      "arabic": "مِن",
      "hebrew": "מִן min",
      "gloss": "from",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 42,
      "arabic": "عَلى",
      "hebrew": "עַל ʿal",
      "gloss": "on, upon",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 43,
      "arabic": "تَحت",
      "hebrew": "תַּחַת taḥat",
      "gloss": "under",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 44,
      "arabic": "بَين",
      "hebrew": "בֵּין bein",
      "gloss": "between",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 45,
      "arabic": "كُلّ",
      "hebrew": "כֹּל kol",
      "gloss": "all, every",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 46,
      "arabic": "ماء",
      "hebrew": "מַיִם mayim",
      "gloss": "water",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 47,
      "arabic": "نَهر",
      "hebrew": "נָהָר nahar",
      "gloss": "river",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 48,
      "arabic": "يَمّ",
      "hebrew": "יָם yam",
      "gloss": "sea",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 49,
      "arabic": "سَماء",
      "hebrew": "שָׁמַיִם shamayim",
      "gloss": "sky, heaven",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 50,
      "arabic": "أَرض",
      "hebrew": "אֶרֶץ ʾerets",
      "gloss": "earth, land — ض↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 51,
      "arabic": "شَمس",
      "hebrew": "שֶׁמֶשׁ shemesh",
      "gloss": "sun",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 52,
      "arabic": "لَيل",
      "hebrew": "לַיְלָה laylah",
      "gloss": "night",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 53,
      "arabic": "يَوم",
      "hebrew": "יוֹם yom",
      "gloss": "day",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 54,
      "arabic": "كَوكَب",
      "hebrew": "כּוֹכָב kokhav",
      "gloss": "star",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 55,
      "arabic": "نار/نَير",
      "hebrew": "נֵר ner",
      "gloss": "fire / lamp",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 56,
      "arabic": "نور",
      "hebrew": "אוֹר ʾor",
      "gloss": "light",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 57,
      "arabic": "ظِلّ",
      "hebrew": "צֵל tsel",
      "gloss": "shadow — ظ↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 58,
      "arabic": "صَخر",
      "hebrew": "צוּר tsur",
      "gloss": "rock — ص↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 59,
      "arabic": "جَبَل",
      "hebrew": "גְּבוּל gevul",
      "gloss": "mountain / border",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 60,
      "arabic": "رَمل? حَجَر",
      "hebrew": "אֶבֶן ʾeven",
      "gloss": "stone (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 61,
      "arabic": "وَرد",
      "hebrew": "וֶרֶד vered",
      "gloss": "rose",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 62,
      "arabic": "زَيت",
      "hebrew": "זַיִת zayit",
      "gloss": "olive, oil",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 63,
      "arabic": "عِنَب",
      "hebrew": "עֵנָב ʿenav",
      "gloss": "grape",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 64,
      "arabic": "تين",
      "hebrew": "תְּאֵנָה teʾenah",
      "gloss": "fig",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 65,
      "arabic": "شَعير",
      "hebrew": "שְׂעוֹרָה seʿorah",
      "gloss": "barley — ش↔ש",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 66,
      "arabic": "لَبَن",
      "hebrew": "לָבָן lavan",
      "gloss": "milk / Heb. white (milk=white)",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 67,
      "arabic": "حَليب",
      "hebrew": "חָלָב ḥalav",
      "gloss": "milk",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 68,
      "arabic": "عَسَل",
      "hebrew": "עָסִיס ʿasis",
      "gloss": "honey / sweet-juice",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 69,
      "arabic": "مِلح",
      "hebrew": "מֶלַח melaḥ",
      "gloss": "salt",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 70,
      "arabic": "ذَهَب",
      "hebrew": "זָהָב zahav",
      "gloss": "gold — ذ↔z",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 71,
      "arabic": "نُحاس",
      "hebrew": "נְחֹשֶׁת neḥoshet",
      "gloss": "copper, bronze",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 72,
      "arabic": "واحِد",
      "hebrew": "אֶחָד ʾeḥad",
      "gloss": "one",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 73,
      "arabic": "اثنان",
      "hebrew": "שְׁנַיִם shnayim",
      "gloss": "two — ث↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 74,
      "arabic": "ثَلاث",
      "hebrew": "שָׁלוֹשׁ shalosh",
      "gloss": "three — ث↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 75,
      "arabic": "أَربَع",
      "hebrew": "אַרְבַּע ʾarbaʿ",
      "gloss": "four",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 76,
      "arabic": "خَمس",
      "hebrew": "חָמֵשׁ ḥamesh",
      "gloss": "five — خ↔ḥ, س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 77,
      "arabic": "سِتّ",
      "hebrew": "שֵׁשׁ shesh",
      "gloss": "six",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 78,
      "arabic": "سَبع",
      "hebrew": "שֶׁבַע shevaʿ",
      "gloss": "seven",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 79,
      "arabic": "ثَمان",
      "hebrew": "שְׁמֹנֶה shmoneh",
      "gloss": "eight — ث↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 80,
      "arabic": "تِسع",
      "hebrew": "תֵּשַׁע teshaʿ",
      "gloss": "nine",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 81,
      "arabic": "عَشر",
      "hebrew": "עֶשֶׂר ʿeser",
      "gloss": "ten",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 82,
      "arabic": "مِئة",
      "hebrew": "מֵאָה meʾah",
      "gloss": "hundred",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 83,
      "arabic": "أَلف",
      "hebrew": "אֶלֶף ʾelef",
      "gloss": "thousand",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 84,
      "arabic": "كَتَب",
      "hebrew": "כָּתַב katav",
      "gloss": "to write",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 85,
      "arabic": "قَرَأ",
      "hebrew": "קָרָא qaraʾ",
      "gloss": "to read, call out",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 86,
      "arabic": "سَمِع",
      "hebrew": "שָׁמַע shamaʿ",
      "gloss": "to hear — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 87,
      "arabic": "رَأى",
      "hebrew": "רָאָה raʾah",
      "gloss": "to see",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 88,
      "arabic": "عَرَف/يَدَع",
      "hebrew": "יָדַע yadaʿ",
      "gloss": "to know (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 89,
      "arabic": "ذَكَر",
      "hebrew": "זָכַר zakhar",
      "gloss": "to remember — ذ↔z",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 90,
      "arabic": "حَكَم",
      "hebrew": "חָכַם ḥakham",
      "gloss": "to be wise",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 91,
      "arabic": "سَأَل",
      "hebrew": "שָׁאַל shaʾal",
      "gloss": "to ask — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 92,
      "arabic": "أَمَر",
      "hebrew": "אָמַר ʾamar",
      "gloss": "to say, command",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 93,
      "arabic": "دَبَّر",
      "hebrew": "דָּבָר davar",
      "gloss": "word, thing, to speak",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 94,
      "arabic": "صَرَخ",
      "hebrew": "צָרַח tsaraḥ",
      "gloss": "to cry out — ص↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 95,
      "arabic": "بَكى",
      "hebrew": "בָּכָה bakhah",
      "gloss": "to weep",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 96,
      "arabic": "ضَحِك",
      "hebrew": "צָחַק tsaḥaq",
      "gloss": "to laugh — ض↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 97,
      "arabic": "أَكَل",
      "hebrew": "אָכַל ʾakhal",
      "gloss": "to eat",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 98,
      "arabic": "ماتَ",
      "hebrew": "מֵת met",
      "gloss": "to die",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 99,
      "arabic": "قَتَل",
      "hebrew": "קָטַל qatal",
      "gloss": "to kill",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 100,
      "arabic": "وَلَد",
      "hebrew": "יָלַד yalad",
      "gloss": "to give birth — و↔י",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 101,
      "arabic": "بَنى",
      "hebrew": "בָּנָה banah",
      "gloss": "to build",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 102,
      "arabic": "سَكَن",
      "hebrew": "שָׁכַן shakhan",
      "gloss": "to dwell — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 103,
      "arabic": "عَمَد",
      "hebrew": "עָמַד ʿamad",
      "gloss": "to stand (Ar. pillar/uphold)",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 104,
      "arabic": "وَسَن",
      "hebrew": "יָשֵׁן yashen",
      "gloss": "to sleep — و↔י",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 105,
      "arabic": "عَبَد",
      "hebrew": "עָבַד ʿavad",
      "gloss": "to work, serve, worship",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 106,
      "arabic": "مَلَك",
      "hebrew": "מָלַךְ malakh",
      "gloss": "to reign",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 107,
      "arabic": "مَلِك",
      "hebrew": "מֶלֶךְ melekh",
      "gloss": "king",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 108,
      "arabic": "كاهِن",
      "hebrew": "כֹּהֵן kohen",
      "gloss": "priest",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 109,
      "arabic": "نَبيّ",
      "hebrew": "נָבִיא naviʾ",
      "gloss": "prophet",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 110,
      "arabic": "سِفر/سَفَر",
      "hebrew": "סֵפֶר sefer",
      "gloss": "book, scroll",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 111,
      "arabic": "بَرَكة",
      "hebrew": "בְּרָכָה berakhah",
      "gloss": "blessing",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 112,
      "arabic": "سَجَد",
      "hebrew": "סָגַד sagad",
      "gloss": "to prostrate, worship",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 113,
      "arabic": "قُدُس",
      "hebrew": "קָדוֹשׁ qadosh",
      "gloss": "holy — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 114,
      "arabic": "سَلام",
      "hebrew": "שָׁלוֹם shalom",
      "gloss": "peace, wholeness — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 115,
      "arabic": "خَطِئ",
      "hebrew": "חָטָא ḥataʾ",
      "gloss": "to sin — خ↔ḥ",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 116,
      "arabic": "رَحِم",
      "hebrew": "רַחַם raḥam",
      "gloss": "to be merciful",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 117,
      "arabic": "حَنّ",
      "hebrew": "חָנַן ḥanan",
      "gloss": "to be gracious",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 118,
      "arabic": "ذَبَح",
      "hebrew": "זָבַח zavaḥ",
      "gloss": "to sacrifice — ذ↔z",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 119,
      "arabic": "نَذَر",
      "hebrew": "נָדַר nadar",
      "gloss": "to vow",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 120,
      "arabic": "كَفَر",
      "hebrew": "כָּפַר kafar",
      "gloss": "to atone, cover",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 121,
      "arabic": "كَذَب",
      "hebrew": "כָּזָב kazav",
      "gloss": "lie — ذ↔z",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 122,
      "arabic": "صَدَق",
      "hebrew": "צָדַק tsadaq",
      "gloss": "to be true, righteous — ص↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 123,
      "arabic": "إله",
      "hebrew": "אֱלוֹהַּ ʾeloah",
      "gloss": "god",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 124,
      "arabic": "رَبّ",
      "hebrew": "רַב rav",
      "gloss": "lord, master, great",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 125,
      "arabic": "كَلب",
      "hebrew": "כֶּלֶב kelev",
      "gloss": "dog",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 126,
      "arabic": "حِمار",
      "hebrew": "חֲמוֹר ḥamor",
      "gloss": "donkey",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 127,
      "arabic": "ثَور",
      "hebrew": "שׁוֹר shor",
      "gloss": "ox, bull — ث↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 128,
      "arabic": "جَمَل",
      "hebrew": "גָּמָל gamal",
      "gloss": "camel",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 129,
      "arabic": "حَيّة",
      "hebrew": "חִוְיָא ḥivya (Aram.) / חַוָּה",
      "gloss": "snake",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 130,
      "arabic": "سَمَك? نون",
      "hebrew": "דָּג dag",
      "gloss": "fish (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 131,
      "arabic": "عُصفور",
      "hebrew": "צִפּוֹר tsippor",
      "gloss": "bird (parallel, shift unverified)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 132,
      "arabic": "ذِئب",
      "hebrew": "זְאֵב zeʾev",
      "gloss": "wolf — ذ↔z",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 133,
      "arabic": "أَسَد? لَيث",
      "hebrew": "אֲרִי ʾari",
      "gloss": "lion (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 134,
      "arabic": "دُبّ",
      "hebrew": "דֹּב dov",
      "gloss": "bear",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 135,
      "arabic": "نَسر",
      "hebrew": "נֶשֶׁר nesher",
      "gloss": "eagle, vulture — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 136,
      "arabic": "ضَأن",
      "hebrew": "צֹאן tsoʾn",
      "gloss": "sheep/flock — ض↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 137,
      "arabic": "عِجل",
      "hebrew": "עֵגֶל ʿegel",
      "gloss": "calf",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 138,
      "arabic": "جَدي",
      "hebrew": "גְּדִי gedi",
      "gloss": "young goat, kid",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 139,
      "arabic": "فَتَح",
      "hebrew": "פָּתַח pataḥ",
      "gloss": "to open",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 140,
      "arabic": "سَجَر/أَغلَق",
      "hebrew": "סָגַר sagar",
      "gloss": "to close, shut",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 141,
      "arabic": "شَبَر/كَسَر",
      "hebrew": "שָׁבַר shavar",
      "gloss": "to break — ث/س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 142,
      "arabic": "جَمَع",
      "hebrew": "קָבַץ? אסף",
      "gloss": "to gather (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 143,
      "arabic": "حَفَر",
      "hebrew": "חָפַר ḥafar",
      "gloss": "to dig",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 144,
      "arabic": "زَرَع",
      "hebrew": "זָרַע zaraʿ",
      "gloss": "to sow, plant — ز↔z",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 145,
      "arabic": "حَصَد",
      "hebrew": "קָצַר qatsar",
      "gloss": "to reap (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 146,
      "arabic": "طَحَن",
      "hebrew": "טָחַן ṭaḥan",
      "gloss": "to grind",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 147,
      "arabic": "خَبَز? لَحَم",
      "hebrew": "אָפָה ʾafah",
      "gloss": "to bake (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 148,
      "arabic": "غَسَل",
      "hebrew": "רָחַץ raḥats",
      "gloss": "to wash (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 149,
      "arabic": "لَبِس",
      "hebrew": "לָבַשׁ lavash",
      "gloss": "to wear, clothe — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 150,
      "arabic": "خَلَع",
      "hebrew": "חָלַץ ḥalats",
      "gloss": "to take off, draw out — خ↔ḥ",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 151,
      "arabic": "حَمَل",
      "hebrew": "חָמַל? נשא",
      "gloss": "to carry/bear (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 152,
      "arabic": "دَفَع",
      "hebrew": "דָּחַף daḥaf",
      "gloss": "to push (parallel, shift unverified)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 153,
      "arabic": "مَلَأ",
      "hebrew": "מָלֵא maleʾ",
      "gloss": "to fill, be full",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 154,
      "arabic": "عَدّ",
      "hebrew": "? מנה",
      "gloss": "to count (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 155,
      "arabic": "جَرى",
      "hebrew": "? רוץ",
      "gloss": "to run (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 156,
      "arabic": "قَفَز",
      "hebrew": "קָפַץ qafats",
      "gloss": "to jump, leap",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 157,
      "arabic": "سَقَط",
      "hebrew": "? נפל",
      "gloss": "to fall (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 158,
      "arabic": "عَبَر",
      "hebrew": "עָבַר ʿavar",
      "gloss": "to cross, pass",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 159,
      "arabic": "هَرَب",
      "hebrew": "בָּרַח baraḥ",
      "gloss": "to flee (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 160,
      "arabic": "رَكِب",
      "hebrew": "רָכַב rakhav",
      "gloss": "to ride, mount",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 161,
      "arabic": "شالَ/رَفَع",
      "hebrew": "? נשא רום",
      "gloss": "to lift (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 162,
      "arabic": "كَبير",
      "hebrew": "כַּבִּיר kabbir",
      "gloss": "great, mighty",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 163,
      "arabic": "صَغير",
      "hebrew": "צָעִיר tsaʿir",
      "gloss": "small, young — ص↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 164,
      "arabic": "طَويل? رام",
      "hebrew": "רָם ram",
      "gloss": "high, tall (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 165,
      "arabic": "قَصير",
      "hebrew": "קָצָר qatsar",
      "gloss": "short",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 166,
      "arabic": "ثَقيل",
      "hebrew": "? כבד",
      "gloss": "heavy (parallel: כָּבֵד)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 167,
      "arabic": "قَليل",
      "hebrew": "קָלִיל qalil",
      "gloss": "light, few",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 168,
      "arabic": "جَديد",
      "hebrew": "חָדָשׁ ḥadash",
      "gloss": "new (parallel, shift unverified)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 169,
      "arabic": "قَديم",
      "hebrew": "קֶדֶם qedem",
      "gloss": "ancient, east, of old",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 170,
      "arabic": "حارّ",
      "hebrew": "חַם ḥam",
      "gloss": "hot",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 171,
      "arabic": "بارِد",
      "hebrew": "קַר qar",
      "gloss": "cold (parallel: קר)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 172,
      "arabic": "طَيِّب",
      "hebrew": "טוֹב ṭov",
      "gloss": "good — ط↔ṭ",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 173,
      "arabic": "رَعّ/شَرّ",
      "hebrew": "רַע raʿ",
      "gloss": "bad, evil",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 174,
      "arabic": "مُرّ",
      "hebrew": "מַר mar",
      "gloss": "bitter",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 175,
      "arabic": "حُلو",
      "hebrew": "? מתוק",
      "gloss": "sweet (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 176,
      "arabic": "مَليح",
      "hebrew": "מֶלַח? מליח",
      "gloss": "salty, fair (parallel, shift unverified)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 177,
      "arabic": "يابِس",
      "hebrew": "יָבֵשׁ yavesh",
      "gloss": "dry — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 178,
      "arabic": "رَطب",
      "hebrew": "רָטֹב raṭov",
      "gloss": "moist, fresh",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 179,
      "arabic": "عَميق",
      "hebrew": "עָמֹק ʿamoq",
      "gloss": "deep",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 180,
      "arabic": "قَريب",
      "hebrew": "קָרוֹב qarov",
      "gloss": "near",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 181,
      "arabic": "بَعيد",
      "hebrew": "? רחוק",
      "gloss": "far (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 182,
      "arabic": "كُلية",
      "hebrew": "כִּלְיָה kilyah",
      "gloss": "kidney",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 183,
      "arabic": "دَمع",
      "hebrew": "דֶּמַע demaʿ",
      "gloss": "tear",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 184,
      "arabic": "رِئة",
      "hebrew": "רֵאָה reʾah",
      "gloss": "lung",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 185,
      "arabic": "ظُفر",
      "hebrew": "צִפֹּרֶן tsipporen",
      "gloss": "nail — ظ↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 186,
      "arabic": "لَحي",
      "hebrew": "לֶחִי leḥi",
      "gloss": "jaw, cheek",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 187,
      "arabic": "اسم",
      "hebrew": "שֵׁם shem",
      "gloss": "name — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 188,
      "arabic": "سَنة",
      "hebrew": "שָׁנָה shanah",
      "gloss": "year — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 189,
      "arabic": "أَمس",
      "hebrew": "אֶמֶשׁ ʾemesh",
      "gloss": "last night, yesterday",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 190,
      "arabic": "عِيد? مَوعِد",
      "hebrew": "מוֹעֵד moʿed",
      "gloss": "appointed time, feast",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 191,
      "arabic": "بَيت",
      "hebrew": "בַּיִת bayit",
      "gloss": "house",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 192,
      "arabic": "مِفتاح",
      "hebrew": "מַפְתֵּחַ mafteaḥ",
      "gloss": "key",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 193,
      "arabic": "كُرسي",
      "hebrew": "כִּסֵּא kisseʾ",
      "gloss": "seat, throne",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 194,
      "arabic": "طَريق? دَرب",
      "hebrew": "דֶּרֶךְ derekh",
      "gloss": "road, way (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 195,
      "arabic": "باب",
      "hebrew": "? דלת/שער",
      "gloss": "door (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 196,
      "arabic": "سور",
      "hebrew": "? חומה",
      "gloss": "wall (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 197,
      "arabic": "قامَ",
      "hebrew": "קָם qam",
      "gloss": "to rise, stand",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 198,
      "arabic": "عَبَر",
      "hebrew": "עָבַר ʿavar",
      "gloss": "to cross, pass over",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 199,
      "arabic": "خَرَج? يَصَأ",
      "hebrew": "יָצָא yatsaʾ",
      "gloss": "to go out (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 200,
      "arabic": "صَعِد? عَلا",
      "hebrew": "עָלָה ʿalah",
      "gloss": "to ascend",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 201,
      "arabic": "وَرَد? يَرَد",
      "hebrew": "יָרַד yarad",
      "gloss": "to descend — و↔י",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 202,
      "arabic": "شابَ? شَيب",
      "hebrew": "שֵׂיבָה seyvah",
      "gloss": "grey hair, old age — ش↔ś",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 203,
      "arabic": "عَظيم",
      "hebrew": "עָצוּם ʿatsum",
      "gloss": "mighty, vast — ظ↔ts",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 204,
      "arabic": "أَسوَد",
      "hebrew": "שָׁחֹר shaḥor",
      "gloss": "black (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 205,
      "arabic": "أَحمَر",
      "hebrew": "אָדֹם ʾadom",
      "gloss": "red (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 206,
      "arabic": "أَبيَض",
      "hebrew": "לָבָן lavan",
      "gloss": "white — same l-b-n as milk",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 207,
      "arabic": "أَخضَر",
      "hebrew": "? ירוק",
      "gloss": "green (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "adj"
    },
    {
      "id": 208,
      "arabic": "حَبل",
      "hebrew": "חֶבֶל ḥevel",
      "gloss": "rope, cord",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 209,
      "arabic": "بِئر",
      "hebrew": "בְּאֵר beʾer",
      "gloss": "well, pit",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 210,
      "arabic": "غُرفة",
      "hebrew": "? חדר",
      "gloss": "room (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 211,
      "arabic": "قَبر",
      "hebrew": "קֶבֶר qever",
      "gloss": "grave, tomb",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 212,
      "arabic": "حَيّ",
      "hebrew": "חַי ḥay",
      "gloss": "alive, living",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 213,
      "arabic": "عَظم/قُوّة",
      "hebrew": "עֹז ʿoz",
      "gloss": "strength, might",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 214,
      "arabic": "سَيف",
      "hebrew": "? חרב",
      "gloss": "sword (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 215,
      "arabic": "قَوس",
      "hebrew": "קֶשֶׁת qeshet",
      "gloss": "bow — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 216,
      "arabic": "سَهم",
      "hebrew": "חֵץ ḥets",
      "gloss": "arrow (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 217,
      "arabic": "عَرش",
      "hebrew": "? כסא",
      "gloss": "throne (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 218,
      "arabic": "سَفينة",
      "hebrew": "סְפִינָה sefinah",
      "gloss": "ship",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 219,
      "arabic": "ريح/روح",
      "hebrew": "רוּחַ ruaḥ",
      "gloss": "wind, spirit",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    }
  ]
}