{
  "project": "The Arabic Tongue · Layer 2 · The binary nucleus across branches (one seed, many tongues)",
  "version": "2026-07-01-layer2-r1",
  "method": "RE-PROJECTION of already-vetted roster entries onto shared two-letter nuclei. NO new pairs, NO new witnesses. Every witness form, gloss, and verdict is lifted verbatim from an existing graded roster entry (see each witness 'source' field). The charge_reading is interpretive per the project's fixed 28-letter charge table (03-scholar-extracts/consensus-letter-charges.md); the forms and glosses are attested.",
  "charge_table_ref": "03-scholar-extracts/consensus-letter-charges.md",
  "source_rosters": [
    "04-cross-linguistic/data/hebrew-cognates.json",
    "04-cross-linguistic/data/aramaic-cognates.json",
    "04-cross-linguistic/data/akkadian-cognates.json",
    "04-cross-linguistic/data/coptic-cognates.json",
    "04-cross-linguistic/data/sanskrit-cognates.json",
    "04-cross-linguistic/data/afro-asiatic-200.json"
  ],
  "count": 12,
  "selection_rule": "Each nucleus appears as a graded entry in >=3 independent branches. Branches drawn: Arabic (the umbrella, always present as the roster 'arabic' field), Hebrew, Aramaic, Akkadian, Coptic, Egyptian (Afro-Asiatic), Sanskrit.",
  "license": "CC-BY 4.0",
  "nuclei": [
    {
      "nucleus": "ع-ن",
      "charge_reading": "ع (قَبضٌ حَلقيٌّ + شِدّة) + ن (رَنين + انبِعاث) = a depth-grip from the throat that resonates outward, the well of sight that gathers the world and gives it back",
      "core_meaning": "eye, source, spring",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "عَين",
          "gloss": "eye, spring",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#1 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "עַיִן ʿayin",
          "gloss": "eye, spring",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#1"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "עֵינָא ʿaynā",
          "gloss": "eye",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#1"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "īnu",
          "gloss": "eye, ʿ lost, ay→ī",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#1"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Egyptian",
          "form": "ʿn",
          "gloss": "eye, source, spring",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "afro-asiatic-200.json#12"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "ق-ر",
      "charge_reading": "ق (قَطع + إحكام) + ر (تَكرار + جَريان) = a firm settling that repeats and runs, the projecting, curved hard-point that juts and holds",
      "core_meaning": "horn, projecting point",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "قَرن",
          "gloss": "horn",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#18 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "קֶרֶן qeren",
          "gloss": "horn",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#18"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "קַרְנָא qarnā",
          "gloss": "horn",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#12"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "qarnu",
          "gloss": "horn",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#7"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sanskrit",
          "form": "karṇa",
          "gloss": "ear / horn, corner",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "sanskrit-cognates.json#18"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "ل-س",
      "charge_reading": "ل (تَعَلُّق + امتِداد) + س (امتداد + سَيَلان) = an attaching bridge that streams forward, the tongue that extends and lets speech flow",
      "core_meaning": "tongue, language",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "لِسان",
          "gloss": "tongue, language",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#11 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "לָשׁוֹן lashon",
          "gloss": "tongue, language",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#11"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "לִשָּׁנָא liššānā",
          "gloss": "tongue",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#8"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "lišānu",
          "gloss": "tongue",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#4"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Coptic",
          "form": "ⲗⲁⲥ (las)",
          "gloss": "tongue",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "coptic-cognates.json#1"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sanskrit",
          "form": "las",
          "gloss": "shine, play, speak, tongue",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "sanskrit-cognates.json#9"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "ن-ف",
      "charge_reading": "ن (رَنين + انبِعاث) + ف (تَفريق + نَفاذ) = an inner resonance that parts the breath and passes out, the self carried on the outgoing breath",
      "core_meaning": "soul, breath, self",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "نَفس",
          "gloss": "soul, self, breath",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#22 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "נֶפֶשׁ nefesh",
          "gloss": "soul, self, breath",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#22"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "נַפְשָׁא nafšā",
          "gloss": "soul, self, س↔š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#14"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "napištu",
          "gloss": "life, soul, throat, s→š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#8"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Coptic",
          "form": "ⲛⲓϥⲉ (nife)",
          "gloss": "soul, breath, self",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "coptic-cognates.json#2"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Egyptian",
          "form": "nfsw",
          "gloss": "soul, breath, self",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "afro-asiatic-200.json#161"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "م-ت",
      "charge_reading": "م (تَجمُّع + تَلاصُق) + ت (امتداد لطيف + تَمام) = a gathering that reaches completion, the final gathering-and-sealing of the self",
      "core_meaning": "to die, death",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "ماتَ",
          "gloss": "to die",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#98 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "מֵת met",
          "gloss": "to die",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#98"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "מִית mīt",
          "gloss": "to die",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#72"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "mâtu",
          "gloss": "to die",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#55"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Coptic",
          "form": "ⲙⲟⲩ (mou)",
          "gloss": "to die",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "coptic-cognates.json#4"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Egyptian",
          "form": "mwt",
          "gloss": "die, death",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "afro-asiatic-200.json#19"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "م (أ-م)",
      "charge_reading": "م (تَجمُّع + تَلاصُق) = the lips closing on the gathered breath, the maternal origin that gathers and holds life; أ (تَأكيد) fronts it as the first-named source",
      "core_meaning": "mother, source",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "أُمّ",
          "gloss": "mother",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#25 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "אֵם ʾem",
          "gloss": "mother",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#25"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "אִמָּא ʾemmā",
          "gloss": "mother",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#19"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "ummu",
          "gloss": "mother",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#16"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sanskrit",
          "form": "mātṛ",
          "gloss": "mother",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "sanskrit-cognates.json#13"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Egyptian",
          "form": "mwt",
          "gloss": "mother, source",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "afro-asiatic-200.json#20"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Chinese",
          "form": "妈 / 母 (mā / mǔ)",
          "gloss": "mother",
          "verdict": "FLOOR-TRACE",
          "source": "chinese-cognates.json (floor witness)"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "س-م",
      "charge_reading": "س (امتداد + سَيَلان) + م (تَجمُّع + تَلاصُق) = a streaming that gathers to a mass, the breath extended and bound to designate a thing, the name that lifts it above its context",
      "core_meaning": "name",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "اسم",
          "gloss": "name, س↔š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#187 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "שֵׁם shem",
          "gloss": "name, س↔š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#187"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "שְׁמָא šemā",
          "gloss": "name, س↔š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#93"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "šumu",
          "gloss": "name, s→š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#68"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sanskrit",
          "form": "nāman",
          "gloss": "name (n-m ↔ s-m)",
          "verdict": "PARTIAL",
          "source": "sanskrit-cognates.json#12"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "ل-ب",
      "charge_reading": "ل (تَعَلُّق + امتِداد) + ب (اتّصال + تَمَسُّك) = an attaching bridge that holds, the inner clasped core, the heart at the center that binds the self",
      "core_meaning": "heart, inner core",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "قَلب",
          "gloss": "heart, the l-b core",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#8 (arabic field)",
          "note": "the pure ل-ب form is لُبّ (core, pith, kernel), the clasped inner heart"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "לֵב lev",
          "gloss": "heart, the l-b core",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#8"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "לִבָּא libbā",
          "gloss": "heart, l-b core",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#5"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "libbu",
          "gloss": "heart, l-b core",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#11"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "س-ن",
      "charge_reading": "س (امتداد + سَيَلان) + ن (رَنين + انبِعاث) = a fine sibilant streaming with inner resonance, the dental point that gnashes and repeats (tooth, and by shared source the matched pair/second)",
      "core_meaning": "tooth",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "سِنّ",
          "gloss": "tooth, ش↔ש",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#12 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "שֵׁן shen",
          "gloss": "tooth, ש↔س",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#12"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "שִׁנָּא šinnā",
          "gloss": "tooth, س↔š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#9"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "šinnu",
          "gloss": "tooth, s→š",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#5"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Sanskrit",
          "form": "danta",
          "gloss": "tooth (s-n ↔ d-n-t)",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "sanskrit-cognates.json#15"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Egyptian",
          "form": "snt",
          "gloss": "tooth, second, sister",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "afro-asiatic-200.json#15"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "ر-ب",
      "charge_reading": "ر (تَكرار + جَريان) + ب (اتّصال + تَمَسُّك) = a running that stays attached to its substrate, continuous holding-and-multiplying, the one who tends and grows his charge",
      "core_meaning": "lord, master, great (one who tends-and-multiplies)",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "رَبّ",
          "gloss": "lord, master, great",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#124 (arabic field)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "רַב rav",
          "gloss": "lord, master, great",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#124"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "רַבָּא rabbā",
          "gloss": "lord, master, great",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#86"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "rabû",
          "gloss": "great; to be great",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#65"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "ب-ن",
      "charge_reading": "ب (اتّصال + تَمَسُّك) + ن (رَنين + انبِعاث) = a holding attachment that issues outward, what is built up out of a bond, the son / the raising of a structure",
      "core_meaning": "to build / son (the built-up one)",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "بَنى / ابن",
          "gloss": "to build / son",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#101, #26 (arabic fields)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "בָּנָה banah / בֵּן ben",
          "gloss": "to build / son",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#101, #26"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "בְּנָא benā",
          "gloss": "to build",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#75"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "banû",
          "gloss": "to build, create",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#56"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nucleus": "م-ل-ك",
      "charge_reading": "م (تَجمُّع) + ل (تَعَلُّق + امتِداد) + ك (كَتم + قَطع) = a gathering-and-extending sealed at a defined cut, the one who holds dominion at a boundary",
      "core_meaning": "king / to rule",
      "witnesses": [
        {
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "form": "مَلِك / مَلَك",
          "gloss": "king / to reign",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#107, #106 (arabic fields)"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "form": "מֶלֶךְ melekh",
          "gloss": "king",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "hebrew-cognates.json#107"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Aramaic",
          "form": "מַלְכָּא malkā",
          "gloss": "king",
          "verdict": "PERFECT",
          "source": "aramaic-cognates.json#85"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Akkadian",
          "form": "malāku",
          "gloss": "to rule, counsel, malku = prince",
          "verdict": "STRONG",
          "source": "akkadian-cognates.json#64"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}