{
  "project": "The Arabic Tongue · Tier-A Semitic-sister cognates · Arabic ↔ Aramaic",
  "version": "2026-05-24",
  "count": 96,
  "verdict_distribution": {
    "PERFECT": 62,
    "STRONG": 27,
    "PROTO-FAMILY": 4,
    "PROVISIONAL": 3
  },
  "license": "CC-BY 4.0",
  "note": "The unity baseline, not a test. Aramaic and Arabic are one Semitic tongue split by regular rule. Famous shifts: ḍ→ʿ (أرض→ארעא), ṯ→t (ثلاث→תלת), ḏ→d (ذهب→דהב), س↔š.",
  "entries": [
    {
      "id": 1,
      "arabic": "عَين",
      "aramaic": "עֵינָא ʿaynā",
      "gloss": "eye",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 2,
      "arabic": "أُذُن",
      "aramaic": "אֵדְנָא ʾednā",
      "gloss": "ear",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 3,
      "arabic": "يَد",
      "aramaic": "יְדָא yedā",
      "gloss": "hand",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 4,
      "arabic": "رِجل",
      "aramaic": "רֵגְלָא reglā",
      "gloss": "foot, leg",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 5,
      "arabic": "قَلب",
      "aramaic": "לִבָּא libbā",
      "gloss": "heart — l-b core",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 6,
      "arabic": "رَأس",
      "aramaic": "רֵישָׁא rēšā",
      "gloss": "head",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 7,
      "arabic": "كَرِش/بَطن",
      "aramaic": "כַּרְסָא karsā",
      "gloss": "belly",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 8,
      "arabic": "لِسان",
      "aramaic": "לִשָּׁנָא liššānā",
      "gloss": "tongue",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 9,
      "arabic": "سِنّ",
      "aramaic": "שִׁנָּא šinnā",
      "gloss": "tooth — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 10,
      "arabic": "شَعر",
      "aramaic": "סַעְרָא saʿrā",
      "gloss": "hair — ش↔s",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 11,
      "arabic": "دَم",
      "aramaic": "דְּמָא demā",
      "gloss": "blood",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 12,
      "arabic": "قَرن",
      "aramaic": "קַרְנָא qarnā",
      "gloss": "horn",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 13,
      "arabic": "عَظم",
      "aramaic": "גַּרְמָא garmā",
      "gloss": "bone (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 14,
      "arabic": "نَفس",
      "aramaic": "נַפְשָׁא nafšā",
      "gloss": "soul, self — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 15,
      "arabic": "روح",
      "aramaic": "רוּחָא rūḥā",
      "gloss": "spirit, wind",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 16,
      "arabic": "إِصبَع",
      "aramaic": "אֶצְבְּעָא ʾeṣbeʿā",
      "gloss": "finger",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 17,
      "arabic": "كَبِد",
      "aramaic": "כַּבְדָּא kavdā",
      "gloss": "liver",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "body"
    },
    {
      "id": 18,
      "arabic": "أَب",
      "aramaic": "אַבָּא ʾabbā",
      "gloss": "father",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 19,
      "arabic": "أُمّ",
      "aramaic": "אִמָּא ʾemmā",
      "gloss": "mother",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 20,
      "arabic": "ابن/بَر",
      "aramaic": "בְּרָא berā / בַּר bar",
      "gloss": "son (Aram. uses bar)",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 21,
      "arabic": "بِنت/بَرت",
      "aramaic": "בְּרַתָּא berattā",
      "gloss": "daughter",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 22,
      "arabic": "أَخ",
      "aramaic": "אַחָא ʾaḥā",
      "gloss": "brother",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 23,
      "arabic": "أُخت",
      "aramaic": "חָתָא ḥātā",
      "gloss": "sister",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 24,
      "arabic": "حَمّ",
      "aramaic": "חְמָא ḥemā",
      "gloss": "father-in-law",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 25,
      "arabic": "أَنا",
      "aramaic": "אֲנָא ʾanā",
      "gloss": "I",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 26,
      "arabic": "أَنتَ",
      "aramaic": "אַנְתְּ ʾant",
      "gloss": "you (m.)",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 27,
      "arabic": "نَحنُ",
      "aramaic": "אֲנַחְנָא ʾanaḥnā",
      "gloss": "we",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 28,
      "arabic": "مَن",
      "aramaic": "מַן man",
      "gloss": "who",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 29,
      "arabic": "ما/مَه",
      "aramaic": "מָה mā",
      "gloss": "what",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "pronoun"
    },
    {
      "id": 30,
      "arabic": "مِن",
      "aramaic": "מִן min",
      "gloss": "from",
      "verdict": "PROTO-FAMILY",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 31,
      "arabic": "عَلى",
      "aramaic": "עַל ʿal",
      "gloss": "on, upon",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 32,
      "arabic": "تَحت",
      "aramaic": "תְּחוֹת teḥōt",
      "gloss": "under",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 33,
      "arabic": "بَين",
      "aramaic": "בֵּינַי bēnay",
      "gloss": "between",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 34,
      "arabic": "كُلّ",
      "aramaic": "כֹּל kol",
      "gloss": "all, every",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "prep"
    },
    {
      "id": 35,
      "arabic": "ماء",
      "aramaic": "מַיָּא mayyā",
      "gloss": "water",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 36,
      "arabic": "نَهر",
      "aramaic": "נַהְרָא nahrā",
      "gloss": "river",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 37,
      "arabic": "يَمّ",
      "aramaic": "יַמָּא yammā",
      "gloss": "sea",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 38,
      "arabic": "سَماء",
      "aramaic": "שְׁמַיָּא šemayyā",
      "gloss": "sky, heaven — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 39,
      "arabic": "أَرض",
      "aramaic": "אַרְעָא ʾarʿā",
      "gloss": "earth — ض→ʿ (the classic Aramaic shift)",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 40,
      "arabic": "شَمس",
      "aramaic": "שִׁמְשָׁא šimšā",
      "gloss": "sun — ش↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 41,
      "arabic": "نار",
      "aramaic": "נוּרָא nūrā",
      "gloss": "fire",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 42,
      "arabic": "لَيل",
      "aramaic": "לֵילְיָא lēlyā",
      "gloss": "night",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 43,
      "arabic": "يَوم",
      "aramaic": "יוֹמָא yōmā",
      "gloss": "day",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 44,
      "arabic": "كَوكَب",
      "aramaic": "כּוֹכְבָא kōkhvā",
      "gloss": "star",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 45,
      "arabic": "حَجَر",
      "aramaic": "כֵּאפָא kēʾfā",
      "gloss": "stone (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 46,
      "arabic": "جَبَل/طور",
      "aramaic": "טוּרָא ṭūrā",
      "gloss": "mountain — ط↔ṭ",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 47,
      "arabic": "زَيت",
      "aramaic": "זַיְתָא zaytā",
      "gloss": "olive, oil",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 48,
      "arabic": "عِنَب",
      "aramaic": "עִנְבָא ʿinbā",
      "gloss": "grape",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 49,
      "arabic": "خَمر",
      "aramaic": "חַמְרָא ḥamrā",
      "gloss": "wine — خ↔ḥ",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 50,
      "arabic": "لَحم",
      "aramaic": "לַחְמָא laḥmā",
      "gloss": "bread/meat",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 51,
      "arabic": "مِلح",
      "aramaic": "מִלְחָא milḥā",
      "gloss": "salt",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 52,
      "arabic": "ذَهَب",
      "aramaic": "דַּהְבָא dahbā",
      "gloss": "gold — ذ→d (the classic shift)",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 53,
      "arabic": "قَمح",
      "aramaic": "חִטְּתָא? קַמְחָא qamḥā",
      "gloss": "flour, grain",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 54,
      "arabic": "واحِد/حَد",
      "aramaic": "חַד ḥad",
      "gloss": "one",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 55,
      "arabic": "اثنان/تَرَين",
      "aramaic": "תְּרֵין terēn",
      "gloss": "two",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 56,
      "arabic": "ثَلاث",
      "aramaic": "תְּלָת telāt",
      "gloss": "three — ث→t (the classic shift)",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 57,
      "arabic": "أَربَع",
      "aramaic": "אַרְבְּעָא ʾarbeʿā",
      "gloss": "four",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 58,
      "arabic": "خَمس",
      "aramaic": "חַמְשָׁא ḥamšā",
      "gloss": "five — خ↔ḥ",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 59,
      "arabic": "سِتّ",
      "aramaic": "שִׁתָּא šittā",
      "gloss": "six — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 60,
      "arabic": "سَبع",
      "aramaic": "שַׁבְעָא šabʿā",
      "gloss": "seven — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 61,
      "arabic": "ثَمان",
      "aramaic": "תְּמָנְיָא temānyā",
      "gloss": "eight — ث→t",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 62,
      "arabic": "تِسع",
      "aramaic": "תִּשְׁעָא tišʿā",
      "gloss": "nine",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 63,
      "arabic": "عَشر",
      "aramaic": "עַשְׂרָא ʿaśrā",
      "gloss": "ten",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 64,
      "arabic": "مِئة",
      "aramaic": "מְאָה meʾā",
      "gloss": "hundred",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 65,
      "arabic": "أَلف",
      "aramaic": "אַלְפָא ʾalpā",
      "gloss": "thousand",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "num"
    },
    {
      "id": 66,
      "arabic": "كَتَب",
      "aramaic": "כְּתַב ketav",
      "gloss": "to write",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 67,
      "arabic": "قَرَأ",
      "aramaic": "קְרָא qerā",
      "gloss": "to read, call",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 68,
      "arabic": "سَمِع",
      "aramaic": "שְׁמַע šemaʿ",
      "gloss": "to hear — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 69,
      "arabic": "عَلِم/يَدَع",
      "aramaic": "יְדַע yedaʿ",
      "gloss": "to know (parallel)",
      "verdict": "PROVISIONAL",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 70,
      "arabic": "ذَكَر",
      "aramaic": "דְּכַר dekhar",
      "gloss": "to remember — ذ→d",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "mind"
    },
    {
      "id": 71,
      "arabic": "أَكَل",
      "aramaic": "אֲכַל ʾakhal",
      "gloss": "to eat",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 72,
      "arabic": "ماتَ",
      "aramaic": "מִית mīt",
      "gloss": "to die",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 73,
      "arabic": "قَتَل",
      "aramaic": "קְטַל qeṭal",
      "gloss": "to kill",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 74,
      "arabic": "وَلَد/يَلَد",
      "aramaic": "יְלַד yelad",
      "gloss": "to give birth — و↔י",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "kin"
    },
    {
      "id": 75,
      "arabic": "بَنى",
      "aramaic": "בְּנָא benā",
      "gloss": "to build",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 76,
      "arabic": "عَبَد",
      "aramaic": "עֲבַד ʿavad",
      "gloss": "to do, make, serve",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "action"
    },
    {
      "id": 77,
      "arabic": "سَكَن/شَكَن",
      "aramaic": "שְׁכֵן šekhēn",
      "gloss": "to dwell — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 78,
      "arabic": "قامَ",
      "aramaic": "קָם qām",
      "gloss": "to rise, stand",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 79,
      "arabic": "نَزَل/نَحَت",
      "aramaic": "נְחֵת neḥēt",
      "gloss": "to descend",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "motion"
    },
    {
      "id": 80,
      "arabic": "سَجَد",
      "aramaic": "סְגֵד seged",
      "gloss": "to prostrate, worship",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 81,
      "arabic": "صَلّى",
      "aramaic": "צְלִי ṣelī",
      "gloss": "to pray — ص↔ṣ",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 82,
      "arabic": "قُربان",
      "aramaic": "קוּרְבָּנָא qurbānā",
      "gloss": "offering, sacrifice",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 83,
      "arabic": "قُدُس",
      "aramaic": "קַדִּישָׁא qaddišā",
      "gloss": "holy — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 84,
      "arabic": "سَلام",
      "aramaic": "שְׁלָמָא šelāmā",
      "gloss": "peace — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 85,
      "arabic": "مَلِك",
      "aramaic": "מַלְכָּא malkā",
      "gloss": "king",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 86,
      "arabic": "رَبّ",
      "aramaic": "רַבָּא rabbā",
      "gloss": "lord, master, great",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 87,
      "arabic": "كاهِن",
      "aramaic": "כָּהֲנָא kāhanā",
      "gloss": "priest",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 88,
      "arabic": "نَبيّ",
      "aramaic": "נְבִיָּא neviyyā",
      "gloss": "prophet",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 89,
      "arabic": "سِفر/سَفَر",
      "aramaic": "סִפְרָא siprā",
      "gloss": "book, scribe",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 90,
      "arabic": "بَيت",
      "aramaic": "בַּיְתָא baytā",
      "gloss": "house",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 91,
      "arabic": "باب",
      "aramaic": "בָּבָא bābā",
      "gloss": "gate, door",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 92,
      "arabic": "بِئر",
      "aramaic": "בֵּירָא bērā",
      "gloss": "well, pit",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "nature"
    },
    {
      "id": 93,
      "arabic": "اسم",
      "aramaic": "שְׁמָא šemā",
      "gloss": "name — س↔š",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 94,
      "arabic": "سَنة",
      "aramaic": "שַׁתָּא šattā",
      "gloss": "year (š-t)",
      "verdict": "STRONG",
      "category": "time"
    },
    {
      "id": 95,
      "arabic": "دَبَّر/دَبَر",
      "aramaic": "דַּבַּר dabbar",
      "gloss": "to lead, speak, word",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    },
    {
      "id": 96,
      "arabic": "حَيّ",
      "aramaic": "חַי ḥay",
      "gloss": "alive",
      "verdict": "PERFECT",
      "category": "abstract"
    }
  ]
}